Cohort 5 Students

Ariadna Vidal 

Captivated by the wonders of the natural world and laboratory work, I decided that I wanted to be a researcher to protect our planet. I studied a BSc in Biology and a MSc in Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology at the University of Barcelona. During my studies, I worked as a researcher and technician in different projects about soil and aquatic microbial ecology at the University of Barcelona and the Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC). After the completion of my studies, I did a graduate internship at Newcastle University working in microbial biotechnology. Aiming to use microorganisms as a tool to solve sustainability problems and interested in the partnership between academia and industry, I decided to apply for a PhD in Energy Materials at Newcastle University with the ReNU CDT. My project will focus on enhancing biohydrogen production from agricultural waste using synthetic biology tools with a multi-omics approach.

Project Title -  Cell engineering to enhance biohydrogen production from agricultural waste

Supervisors: Dr. Thomas Howard (Newcastle University), Dr. Sharon Velasquez (Newcastle University), Dr. Leonardo Rios (UCL) and Dr. Jose Muñoz (Northumbria University) 

Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising substitutes for fossil fuels, being a source of green energy that could potentially lead to decarbonization. Its combustion only delivers water and heat energy as reaction products, making it a pollution free alternative. Dark fermentation (DF) is a biological hydrogen production method in which under anaerobic conditions and absence of light, microorganisms break down complex organic matter into simpler compounds producing biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Given the high cost of using pure carbohydrates as a substrate on a commercial scale, there has been a lot of interest in biohydrogen production using renewable and less expensive feedstocks. Over 220 billion tonnes of agricultural waste are generated yearly, making it an accessible renewable resource to use as feedstock for dark fermentation. Therefore, using agricultural waste for biohydrogen production is a circular economy approach in which organic waste is treated to produce renewable energy, making the dark fermentation of these substrates both environmentally and economically compelling. 

Theoretically, a maximum of 12 mol of H2 can be obtained from the complete oxidation of one mole of glucose. However, only 4 mol of H2 can be obtained per mole of glucose through dark fermentation, with acetate and CO2 as the other fermentation end products, and this yield is obtained when the particle pressure of H2 is kept adequately low. Theoretically, during the acidogenesis for fermentative hydrogen generation, one-third of carbon from glucose is broken down into hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), while the remaining two-thirds remain soluble as VFAs. Nowadays, the yield of biohydrogen production by dark fermentation is between 1.2 and 2.3 mol H2/mol hexose, which is only 30-50% of the maximum theoretical production of 4 mol H2/mol glucose. 

The low yield of H2 by biohydrogen production methods is one of the major challenges that needs to be addressed before it can be used for industrial purpose. In this project, we will look into which strains, feedstocks and conditions are the most promising for hydrogen production. However, due to the great potential of dark fermentation but low efficiency, the conventional approach is not enough. In this project, metabolic pathways will be studied to identify key points of biohydrogen production, and genetic and metabolic engineering will be use to enhance this production. 

The aim of this project is to enhance biohydrogen production from agricultural waste through metabolic engineering of the metabolic pathways involved in dark fermentation. The following questions will be investigated during this project: 

1. Which strain and biomass feedstocks are more promising for biohydrogen production? For this, we will test bacterial novel strains and different lignocellulosic materials from agricultural waste will be tested as feedstock. 
2. Which are the key points in the metabolic pathways that lead to biohydrogen production during dark fermentation? A multi-omics approach, considering genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, will be taken to unravel these key points. Bioinformatics and experimental data will be used. 
3. How can this process be optimized? To redirect the carbons from the agricultural waste into biohydrogen production, synthetic biology techniques will be used to perform metabolic engineering in the selected strain to favour the metabolic pathway leading to increased hydrogen production. Bioprocessing studies will be done using Design of Experiments (DoE) to explore the most optimal conditions.

Samuel Hayes 

Before starting my PhD, I graduated with a Master of Physics (MPhys) degree from the University of Manchester. In my final year I undertook an MPhys project that was focused on silicon PV, which sparked my interest in renewable energy. The project investigated whether a graphene oxide coating could be used to improve the optical and electronic properties of silicon, whilst being less energy intensive than the most popular material used, silicon nitride. This lead smoothly on to applying for the ReNU studentship.

My PhD project is focused on investigating the electronic structure of energy materials through electron Compton scattering. By using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an electron energy loss spectrometer, the energy loss spectrum can be measured, and the Compton profile can be extracted which provides information on the electron density of the material. This can then be compared to computational quantum simulation, namely density functional theory. ReNU allows me to gain a deeper understanding into the wider context of my project, especially because of its multidisciplinary nature and additional training.

Project Title - Electron Compton Scattering of Solids for Energy Materials

Supervisors: Prof. Budhika Mendis and Prof. Stewart Clark

Probing the electronic structure of materials is crucial for understanding their properties. Compton scattering has emerged as a powerful technique for accessing ground-state properties and investigating electron localization within materials, thereby providing valuable insights into various bonding environments. Photon Compton scattering is a well-established method for studying the momentum distribution of electrons in solids. Meanwhile, electron Compton scattering is an emerging practical alternative that can be performed in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) within a standard laboratory setting.

Although the theoretical foundation of this technique is well understood, its application to materials beyond carbon and silicon remains limited. To address this gap, this project aims to expand the knowledge base in two areas: quantum dots and van der Waals materials.

Van der Waals materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), typically consist of covalently bonded layers that are held together by van der Waals forces. This structure results in distinct bonding environments along different crystallographic directions, which can be investigated using this technique. Density Functional Theory (DFT) will be employed to model these materials, comparing various approximations used to treat van der Waals interactions against experimental results.

Quantum dots, often referred to as ‘artificial atoms’ , are of particular interest due to their size-dependent photon emission, which is governed by their bandgap. However, instead of probing photon emission, Compton scattering will be used to examine the density of states. Measurements will be conducted on lead sulphide (PbS) quantum dots of varying sizes. A significant limitation of current techniques is the measurement region, which is restricted to approximately 100 nm. To improve spatial resolution, Compton scattering measurements will be performed using a convergent incident beam. The resulting Compton profile will be corrected for momentum spread through the implementation of a specialized algorithm. This approach will enable Compton scattering to detect changes in electron localization over smaller spatial regions, broadening its applicability. A notable application of this enhanced technique could be the study of individual quantum dots.

Nada Omran 

I obtained my B.Sc. degree in Textile Engineering from Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt in 2019. Afterwards I pursued my M.Sc. in Textile Engineering at Wuhan Textile University in China with a research direction of Functional Nanofibrous Materials. Since then, I worked as a research assistant then a senior research assistant at Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. My research work is focusing on the usage of nanofibrous materials and nano/micro spinning techniques towards the production of flexible substrates for multi-disciplinary research projects such as energy harvesting and energy recovery applications.

Through my PhD project, I am working on utilizing textiles, nano/microfibers and polymeric materials, in our daily fabric-based applications and how to functionalize fibers for energy recovery applications, specifically as an individual who has always been passionate about sustainability and environmentally friendly industry, I find it truly inspiring to contribute through ReNU CDT in the initiatives aimed at transitioning to more sustainable alternatives, and to be well trained and qualified for developing a new era of renewable energy.

Project Title - Functionalising Fibres for Energy Harvesting Applications

Supervisor: Dr Hamdi Torun

The aim of my research is to develop smart textiles for everyday use by integrating wet spun fibres into wearable energy harvesting systems, ensuring comfort, flexibility, and durability. The project focus on fabricating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibres through wet spinning process and functionalising the produced fibres for enhanced electromechanical performance for use in piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs).

The project addresses critical gaps in the field, including the impact of wet spinning on PVDF properties, the effect of process parameters on the final product, role of nanomaterials in enhancing piezoelectric performance, and the effects of post-treatments such as drawing and poling. Furthermore, this project study several characterisations of the fibres using different techniques for morphological analysis, mechanical, and piezoelectric measurements.

By integrating functionalised fibres into textiles through embroidery and designing efficient energy harvesting systems, this project contributes to the advancement and implantation of smart textiles in every-day needs, offering the required levels of performance and characteristics through a comprehensive study aimed to widening the knowledge base for real-life applications.

Amna Ijaz 

I graduated with first-class honours in Material Science and Engineering in 2021 from the Institute of Space Technology (IST), where my final year project focused on “Stoichiometric modulation of monomer feed to fabricate film-forming aramid.” Through this project, I gained a profound understanding of materials and chemistry and aimed to contribute to sustainability development goals.

Following the successful completion of my undergraduate studies, I wasted no time in making a meaningful impact in the field. I began my professional journey as a graduate assistant at the prestigious Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute, where I eagerly delved into various research projects. There, I worked on projects like enhancing the thermal stability of polymers, resulting in the publication of the paper “Enhanced Thermal Stability of Polymers by Incorporating Novel Surface Decorated SrTiO3@Graphene Nano-Platelets.”

With a clear vision of contributing to the UK’s zero-emission law, I set my sights on pursuing a PhD in renewable energy. This prestigious endeavor led me to ReNU CDT at Northumbria University. I am excited to collaborate with ReNU CDT, an institution known for its dedication to sustainable energy solutions. My mission is to advance energy materials and renewable energy technologies for a more sustainable future.

Project title - Doped TiO2 for thin film Photovoltaic and photocatalysis applications

Supervisory team: Prof Guillaume Zoppi, Prof Vincent Barrioz and Dr Yongato Qu

The development and improvement of doped TiO2 thin films and nanostructures such as nanorods, and particles for cutting-edge photovoltaic applications is the main goal of my PhD study. The goal of the project is to better understand how doping might affect TiO2's optical, electrical, and structural characteristics so that it can be used effectively as a multipurpose material. The appropriate dopant, concentration levels and type of nano-structure will be investigated to improve charge extraction, reduce recombination, and boost overall device performance for integration as electron-transport layers (ETLs) in Sb2(S,Se)3 thin-film solar cells. By preventing hole transit and promoting the movement of electrons from the absorber layer to the electrode, the ETL lowers recombination and contributes significantly to the performance of solar cells. The stability, scalability, and efficiency of the device—all crucial for ensuring that solar cells may be widely used—are also greatly impacted by this layer. 

The titania-based nanostructures will be developed by hydrothermal technique on glass and/or active layers and to promote uniform growth, a TiO2 seed layer deposited by sputtering, atomic layer deposition or a wet chemical process will be employed.  Analysing the crystallinity, surface morphology, and optical characteristics of the manufactured materials using sophisticated characterization methods including UV-Vis spectroscopy, electron and atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction is essential to the project. In solar cell devices, the most promising doped TiO2 layers will be integrated by iterative optimisation and testing. Their performance will be thoroughly assessed in terms of stability, power conversion efficiency, and interfacial characteristics. 

Since photovoltaics are a key component of renewable energy systems, the research advances this crucial component of solar cells, supporting worldwide efforts to meet net-zero carbon targets. By lowering manufacturing costs, increasing adoption rates, and extending device lifespan, improved ETL performance can lessen dependency on fossil fuels and the carbon impact associated with energy generation. Although the major focus is on photovoltaic applications, secondary research will examine the potential of doped TiO2 for photocatalysis in processes such as pollutant degradation and CO2 reduction.

By tackling important issues with material performance, properties, and scalability, this project seeks to make a substantial contribution to the development of thin-film solar technology. Additionally, it supports worldwide goals for sustainability and innovation in green energy, offering information that can help create next-generation solar devices with less of an impact on the environment. The research connects basic material science with real-world applications in renewable energy through its interdisciplinary approach. 

Stephen Orritt 

I graduated from Lancaster University with an integrated master’s in mechanical engineering. Both of my BEng and MEng projects were focused on the experimental testing and CFD simulation of a novel hydro turbine. My enjoyment of the projects inspired me to want to continue in the research field. During my master’s year I specialised in energy and resources as I have an interest in renewable technology, especially fluid machinery where I furthered my knowledge on both hydro and wind energy systems.   

The opportunity provided to me by RENU allowed me to further my research skills, utilising my current skillset in simulating fluid machinery and applying it to the investigation of ‘Aerodynamic design and aeroelasticity analysis of vertical axis wind turbine farms’. Furthermore, through the additional training provided by RENU I can expand my knowledge across the renewable energy sector. The mini projects alongside my main PhD project at RENU will provide me with great industry links as well as the opportunity to work on fascinating projects in the energy sector.

Project Title - Increasing energy density of floating offshore wind farms through CFD optimization of a wind farm layout

Supervisor: Dr Mohammad Rahmati

As global energy usage increases so do CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is imperative that we continue to improve the technology and ease of implementation of renewable energy systems to help mitigate the effects of global warming.

Wind energy is a major piece within the renewable energy sector, responsible for over 1273 TWh of energy production in 2018, with this expected to rise to 3500 TWh by 2050. To provide this increase in wind energy, both new and current systems must be improved in many aspects including efficiency and overall cost. This project aims to address both factors by looking in depth at the wake interactions between turbines in an offshore wind farm scenario. This will be achieved through the improvement of the modelling of wind farms concerning computational cost and accuracy.

Floating offshore wind turbines are a large area of research in the renewable energy sector. Placing turbines offshore allows for more consistent wind at greater velocities, providing larger power outputs. Coupled with fewer restrictions on land use, it makes them an interesting proposition. Complications arise however in the understanding of how the turbines will interact with each other, along with the coupled movement of the floating platform leading to complex wake phenomena.

Modelling wind farms on a large scale is computationally expensive and often leads to many simplifications being made to both the geometry and boundary conditions. This project will improve traditional BEMT actuator disk methods by blending insights provided by computational fluid dynamics simulations. Using this improved method and coupling it with the movement of the turbine due to the floating platform, large-scale wind farms will be modelled to determine the optimum spacing between the turbines in distance and height. This project will provide new insights into the complex wake interactions between large multi-megawatt floating offshore wind turbines. With these insights, it will provide the ability to determine optimal wind farm layouts to maximise the energy density of the wind farms.

Ali Badakhshan 

My academic journey began with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, which I earned at Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST). Then I pursued a Master of Science in Systems Engineering at Sharif University of Technology (SUT), where my research focused on leveraging Artificial Intelligence to establish a robust framework for stock market trading.

Driven by my favour for the intersection of Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, I embarked on my academic venture at Durham University in 2023. As a member of RENU team, I have been dedicated to my doctoral research on Artificial intelligence sides of developing next generation battery which align with ambitious  net-zero carbon emission goal.

Project Title - Optimizing Battery Materials for Performance and Sustainability: A Data-Driven Approach

Supervisor: Dr. Mehdi Keshavarz-Hedayati and Professor Andrew Gallant

The aim of my project is to develop a simulation and machine learning-based framework to link materials to performance and sustainability outcomes for batteries. This framework will focus on predicting key outputs such as voltage, capacity, and carbon footprint. By integrating advanced computational simulations with data-driven machine learning models, the approach seeks to identify potential battery materials that are most likely to achieve these desirable results efficiently and sustainably.

This project will investigate the scalability, adaptability, and accuracy of the framework, ensuring it can accommodate diverse material datasets and evolving battery performance criteria. The developed package will account for multiple aspects simultaneously, offering a holistic solution that balances high battery performance with environmental sustainability.

The goal application for this framework is to assist in the selection and optimization of battery materials, paving the way for innovative and sustainable energy storage solutions. The results will be benchmarked against existing methodologies for predictive accuracy, computational efficiency, and practicality.

This project is conducted in collaboration with our industrial partner, Weloop, providing valuable real-world insights and aligning the framework’s capabilities with industry requirements.

Andreas Zannetou 

In 2021, I graduated with a BSc in Biomedical Sciences from Northumbria University. I continued my studies at Northumbria University, successfully completing a Masters in biotechnology in 2022. During this course, I developed a keen interest in synthetic biology and renewable energy research, and began to appreciate their potential to make a significant contribution to environmental sustainability goals. My Masters project focused on biohydrogen research and involved engineering the regulatory hydrogenase from Cupriavidus necator to function as a hydrogen biosensor in Escherichia coli.

After a year of industry experience at SUEZ as an Organics Laboratory Analyst, where I tested soil and water samples for chemical hazards, I made the decision to dedicate my career towards research. I was lucky enough to win a place in the ReNU CDT doctoral research program in renewable energy. My PhD project is a collaboration between Newcastle University, Northumbria University and an industrial partner, Procter and Gamble (P&G). The research involves engineering bacteria to link carbon capture with synthetic metabolic pathways, hopefully resulting in bacterial growth on waste CO2 and the subsequent production of valuable biochemicals. The ReNU postgraduate program provides a fantastic opportunity to bridge academia and industry, offering invaluable training and industrial connections.

Project Title - Empowering a sustainable future through Synthetic Biology: Unleash the potential for engineered microbes to transform carbon dioxide utilisation technologies and unlock a sustainable future through connecting with renewable hydrogen innovations.

Supervisors: Prof. Frank Sargent,  Dr Ciarán Kelly, Dr Linsey Fuller

Rapidly increasing global carbon dioxide levels cause an imminent threat, demanding urgent action for a sustainable future and environmental resilience. This project is focused on engineering a new chassis strain of Escherichia coli that will grow on sources of captured carbon dioxide, including formic acid and methanol, as sole carbon sources. This new chassis will then be further engineered to produce commodity chemicals with an industrial value. Converting waste CO2 into specialist biochemicals using renewable H2 will be a major step towards a circular bioeconomy and in achieving Net Zero targets.

Pierre-Louis Peuch 

I acquired a Master’s Degree in Physics from Durham University in 2023, and I am passionate about physics and sciences in general. In the third year of my Master’s, I undertook a computing project, which used the Monte Carlo method to investigate Λ-type transitions in 3-level atomic systems; I particularly focused on accurately modelling predicting the decay rate 5D3/2 state of Ba II. In 2022-23, as part of my final Master’s project, I investigated Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) in computational astrophysics. FRBs were discovered in 2007. There are today a plethora of competing theories and models to explain their possible origin(s), from aliens to hyper massive neutron stars collisions, to magnetars and cosmic string bursts. I have used data from the CHIME telescope collecting radio waves and I showed high correlation with data from Fermi LAT, indicating that gamma rays are also very likely to be emitted within an hour of an FRB emission. I used both short time exposure photon counts maps and machine learning cluster analysis techniques to come to these conclusions. These findings are in line with suggesting that certain magnetars are responsible for FRBs, which is where the most recent literature leans towards.

I was particularly interested in joining the ReNU CDT, as I have always been keen to effectively contribute to the mitigation of the climate crisis and to work in an interdisciplinary context. My project focuses on characterising and designing novel antiferroelectric materials for use in energy storage applications. This research will involve both computational modelling (using Density-Functional Theory) and experiments in the lab. Another aspect that motivated me for this programme is the range of partners and the many possible industrial connections to be made.

Project Title - Designing antiferroelectrics for energy storage applications

Supervisors: Dr Emma McCabe and Dr Nicholas Bristowe

Energy storage technology is widely recognised as a critical component in the global fight against climate change. Addressing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources (like solar and wind power) is essential: a stable and efficient storage method ensures a consistent power supply during periods of low generation. In fact, a wide range of storage solutions are required at various levels of energy generation, supply and usage, to meet future energy demands. As a result, this PhD project aims to investigate and design antiferroelectric (AFE) materials for energy storage applications.

AFE materials store energy through a polarisation-switching mechanism. When an electric potential is applied, AFEs undergo a phase transition from an antipolar to a polar state. Upon removal of the field, the material reverts to its original antipolar state, releasing back energy. This mechanism offers relatively high energy density and excellent charge-discharge cycle stability, resulting in a long operational lifespan. Furthermore, their rapid energy discharge due to switching makes them particularly suited to applications requiring pulsed power systems, such as defibrillator capacitors.

Despite this, the exact mechanisms and theoretical models that explain the rise of AFE behaviour in specific materials remain elusive. As such, this project begins by focusing on fundamental principles, employing a computational approach using density functional theory (DFT) to explore material behaviour from first principles. The second part of the project uses the insights gained from these computational studies to guide the identification of candidate materials for synthesis and experimental validation in the laboratory.

While lead zirconate (PbZrO₃) is to date the most extensively studied AFE material, this project prioritises the development of lead-free, environmentally sustainable alternatives composed of cost-effective and widely available elements. The current focus of the PhD is on brownmillerites, a class of materials related to perovskites but characterised by ordered oxygen vacancies with a general formula of A₂BB’O₅. Although no brownmillerite has yet been experimentally verified to exhibit AFE behaviour, there is reason to believe that the correct combination of cation species could be able to induce antiferroelectricity within these structures.

Denise Bildan 

In 2023, I graduated magna cum laude with a degree in Materials Engineering at the University of the Philippines Diliman. I became actively involved in the E-Minerals 2 Project where I carried out research on battery recycling and synthesis of Li-ion battery cathodes, sparking my interest in energy materials. I expanded my experience by volunteering as a laboratory assistant at the Composite Materials Laboratory and by working as an intern under the AeroComp Project. As part of this project, I worked on natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites for ballistic applications and investigated the electrochemical corrosion of medical-grade steel for orthopaedic biomedical applications. These varied endeavours were formative in kindling my interest in energy storage and conversion technologies, as well as novel and advanced materials.

I am thrilled about the opportunity to establish my research at Northumbria University through the EPSRC ReNU CDT where I plan to develop advanced polymer-based composite electrolyte membranes able to withstand most mechanical and chemical damage during fuel cell operation. I aspire to explore the recent breakthroughs in hydrogen and fuel cell technology, contributing to the search for advanced materials that reduce the environmental impact of current systems.

Project Title – Developing Electrolytes for Hydrogen Production via Water Electrolysis

Supervisor – Dr Terence Liu

As part of the ongoing efforts to transition from fossil fuels to clean energy, there is growing interest in enhancing the scalability and versatility of green hydrogen generation via water electrolysis. My research focuses on improving this process through the development of novel solid and liquid electrolyte materials, which play a central role in governing ionic conductivity, reaction efficiency, and overall system performance. Despite significant advances in electrolysis technologies, current systems still face critical challenges limiting their efficiency and practical scalability.

A particular significant issue lies in gas evolution reactions, where the formation and accumulation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles on electrode surfaces disrupts the three-phase interplay between the electrode, electrolyte, and gas phase products which is a dynamic critical to sustaining efficient electrochemical reactions. My work focuses on addressing these limitations by developing electrolyte materials that are cost-effective, chemically stable, and readily accessible, lowering implementation barriers while promoting favourable interfacial interactions that improve gas detachment, and support the practical scalability of water electrolysis systems.

To achieve this, my research investigates the development of porous liquids and porous solids as novel electrolyte materials for water electrolysis. These two material classes offer distinct structural and physicochemical properties that can be strategically exploited to address the key challenges of bubble management, interfacial resistance, and ionic conductivity. By exploring their behaviour and performance within electrolysis systems, this work aims to establish a new materials-driven approach to improving the efficiency and scalability of green hydrogen production.

Phoebe Clayton 

I graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 2022 with a First Class master’s in chemistry. My undergraduate studies inspired me to look further into current and future potential renewable technologies. This led me to apply to carry out my master’s research project as a part of Professor Michael Graetzel research group at EPFL. My project involved developing a sustainable synthesis technique for perovskite solar cells. I mainly focused on the use of IR as a rapid thermal annealing technique. Over my time in this group, I was able to improve the stability and performance of my solar cells through the refinement of my procedure as well as chemical and interface engineering This project allowed me to gain practical experience within sustainable chemistry.

My PhD project with ReNU is focused on the hydrogenation of CO2 to jet fuel. Sustainable aviation fuels have shown to have a 70% reduction in lifecycle carbon making them much more attritive than petroleum based jet fuels. My research will be utilising zinc-based hydrogenation functionality and zeolitic BrØnsted acidic sites to achieve the hydrogenation of CO2. I will examine how the nature and location of different catalytic components affects the overall catalytic function. The conversion of CO2 to jet fuel will be explored using flow reactors coupled with GCMS .

I am looking forward to the learning opportunities and collaboration provided by the ReNU CDT over the next 4 years as a part of Cohort 5.

Project Title - Mixed Metal Oxide catalyst in tandem with Zeolites as a highly selective Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation to Jet Fuel

Supervisor: Dr Russell Taylor

The extensive reliance on carbon-rich fossil fuels for energy and chemical production has led to significant anthropogenic CO2 emissions, contributing to severe environmental issues such as climate change and rising sea levels. These challenges necessitate urgent strategies to not only reduce CO2 emissions but also utilize CO2 as a resource. This research project aims to address these issues by developing tandem metal oxide/zeolite catalysts to convert CO2 into higher-value hydrocarbons, such as jet fuel. This approach holds the potential to significantly reduce industrial dependence on fossil fuel feedstocks while promoting sustainable energy alternatives.

Zirconia (ZrO2) is widely recognised as an effective catalyst support, promoter and active species in the hydrogenation of CO2. Its advantageous properties make it an effective catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation, including its weak hydrophilic character that makes it less susceptible to deactivation by water, a common by-product of CO2 hydrogenation. The interactions between ZrO2 and metals/metal oxides influences CO2 adsorption and activation, as well as facilitating the dissociation of H2 and the spillover of atomic hydrogen. These processes result in synergistic effects that enhance the availability and mobility of active hydrogen species, improve catalytic efficiency, and potentially alter reaction pathways. This study investigates how various synthesis techniques (coprecipitation, hydrothermal and vapour deposition) affect the interactions between ZrO2 and metal oxides, with the goal of optimising catalytic performance. 

The aim is to optimize the catalytic performance by tailoring the structural and morphological properties of ZrO2-based catalysts, including CuZrOx and ZnZrOx. A combination of advanced analytical techniques is employed to characterize the catalysts’ structure and elemental composition, while future catalytic testing will provide insights into structure-activity relationships. These findings will inform the rational design of next-generation catalysts.

The overall aims of this PhD project are: 

• Synthesis metal oxide catalysts via multiple synthesis techniques and reaction conditions to optimise the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol.
• Synthesis of zeolite catalysts for the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons (liquid fuels). 
• Synthesis of a tandem metal-oxide/ zeolite catalyst for the upgrading of CO2 to liquid fuels.

This work aims to advance the field of renewable energy and sustainable chemical production through innovative catalytic solutions.

Nick L. Theodorou  

After school in the West Midlands it was four years in London with UCL for Physics MSci; three years in Cardiff with Alacrity (and Sir Terry Matthews!) for a tech startup; and several years running my own IT consultancy (which gave me a lot of freedom to travel and pursue independent projects, although income was not steady-state!)

I’ve been lucky to try many things and one opportunity was the Institute of Physics Top40 undergraduate work placement scheme – there I gained first-hand knowledge of tech transfer at a DSSC manufacturer (the largest private sector investment in Wales at the time, and first renewable device manufacturer in the world to itself be a renewably self-powered facility). 

My goal is to identify opportunities rooted in basic science that are capable of wide commercialisation and research impact. 

My MSci project involved simulating the next generation of table-top particle accelerators to achieve CERN-like energy scales with Leptons, via plasma wakefields rather than RF cavities.

Project Title - Tunable Metasurface Absorbers: for thermophotovoltaics terahertz gap sensing 

Supervisor: Prof Hamdi Torun

Metamaterials involve sub-wavelength geometries and layering ordinary materials in order to engineer full control over light and its 4 degrees of freedom — for properties not seen in nature. The principle can also apply to acoustic waves (and even earthquake protection).

I'm my project I will be focusing on minimising reflection and transmission of light, for maximising absorption — to capture light, make the metasurface get hot, and then emit this stored energy into converted wavelengths, shifting the spectral weight of the original light/heat signal. 

'Tuning' is doing this at specific bands of wavelengths for the intended application, and should be done pre-fabrication, but additionally could be a post-fabrication feature,  through choices of active materials (such as GST used is laser re-writable DVDs).

The main applications I am currently considering are, waste heat capture in solar cells, selective emitters for thermophotovoltaics (powering panels with industrial waste heat sources rather than the sun), and sensing/thermal imaging at the terahertz regime since metamaterial designs can, in-principle, be scaled across the electromagnetic spectrum. Importantly, I'll also be considering the manufacturing and commercialisation aspects.

William Norfolk  

I graduated with a BSc in Chemistry from the University of Leeds in 2017 and an MSc in Environmental Consultancy in 2021, working in scientific marketing and analyses in between. After my MSc I worked at an environmental testing lab first as a technician, chemist, and then as an inorganics coordinator. During my time at the lab I gained experience analysing metals, anions, cyanides, phenols, total organic carbon and other techniques for analysis of waters and soils. My PhD is focused on the analysis of waste streams generated from subsurface green energy projects and looking at ways of recycling technologically critical elements from these processes. This project is a great chance to combine my skills learned through academia and industry to enhance the circular economy of the UK.

Project Title - Enhancing the circular economy of subsurface green energy projects through improved treatment and valorisation of waste

Supervisor: Dr Shannon Flynn & Dr Mark Ireland

The goal of this PhD project is to understand the chemistry and rock-water interactions in subsurface fluids from the perspective of green energy/storage projects. 

As the UK government aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 there is a greater emphasis on subsurface technologies to reach these goals, as demonstrated by the “Future of the Subsurface” report released in October 2024 by the Government Office for Science. Geothermal heating, geothermal power, hydrogen storage, and carbon capture and storage are some of the avenues being explored to achieve net zero. These projects involve moving vast quantities of water which must either be reinjected or safely treated and disposed of to prevent contamination to the surrounding environment both above and below ground. Projects of this magnitude can also be capital intensive and so a better understanding of the aquifers and geological structures below ground are important to mitigate risk. 

This project looks to analyse available water chemistry data in the UK to achieve a better understanding of how the composition of subsurface fluids vary across the country and with depth. Currently a database has been created featuring 3991 observations of water chemistry composition across the UK from sources including the British Geological Survey’s Geothermal Catalogue and the Environment Agency’s Water Quality Archive. Factors controlling the distribution of scaling elements, potentially toxic elements, and critical minerals will be explored and modelled in order to shed some light on how fluids in the subsurface behave upon extraction, injection of CO2/H2, or upon mixing with other fluids. Additionally, rock cores from potential geothermal/CCS locations will be analysed as well as brines from the UK’s CCS clusters to further enhance our knowledge in this area.

Becky Wignall  

In July 2023 I graduated from Newcastle University with an integrated master’s degree in chemistry. My MChem project was focused on the synthesis and characterisation of a series of group 5 substituted Lindqvist-type polyoxometalates as a part of the Errington group. My research helped me to develop a strong interest in inorganic materials and their physical properties.

My passion for sustainable chemistry and research meant I was immediately drawn to the idea of pursuing a PhD and especially drew me to my project where I will be focused on the development of solid electrolytes using a combined in-Operando XPS theoretical approach. The focus of the project will be to further understand the dynamics of battery cells as well as furthering understanding of the role of interfaces within the cell through operational XPS studies and electrochemical studies.

I am very excited to be a part of the ReNU CDT programme as it is a fantastic opportunity for me to benefit from collaboration with my peers thorough my project where we all share a common goal of a more sustainable future.

Project Title - Development of Solid Electrolytes Using a Combined in-Operando XPS-Theoretical Approach

Supervisors: Dr Elisabetta Arca, Dr James Dawson, Dr Karen Johnston

For renewable energy technologies to become more widely available, it is pertinent that safe, scalable, and reliable energy storage methods continue to be developed. Existing Lithium-ion battery systems are approaching the theoretical limits of their performance, necessitating developments in new Li-ion technologies. As these developments occur, it is increasingly important to gain a further understanding of the surface chemistry in batteries and the impact that surface species have on electrochemical response.

Solid-state batteries offer several potential advantages over traditional liquid electrolyte batteries, including higher energy density, improved safety as they are less prone to leakage or overheating, and potentially longer cycle life.

Battery systems are interface devices and the chemical processes occurring at the interfaces are crucial to the overall performance and capacity of the battery. Techniques like x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are becoming increasingly vital to advancing our understanding of surface and interface chemistry. XPS facilitates the tracking of electrode material oxidation state changes during charge and discharge cycles, and it detects changes in chemical environments and the formation of new species at interfaces. Cycling of the battery induces the development of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode. This electronically insulating yet ion-conductive film consists of electrolyte decomposition products, and its impact on cell performance varies based on composition, potentially limiting, or enhancing overall functionality.

Surface-sensitive techniques are capable of characterising battery interphases, and in-Operando studies allow for an understanding of the growth, composition, and kinetics of forming interphases in solid-state batteries.

This project aims to use the combined methodology of in-Operando XPS and theoretical studies to gain a better understanding of solid electrolyte materials, and the growth and effect of the SEI on the electrochemistry of these. XPS combined with x-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy aims to give a complete picture of the processes occurring and species formed at the interfaces during cycling of the battery system, and will allow for comparison of surface and bulk properties of the materials. By developing the in-Operando protocol using known solid electrolyte materials such as lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO), the data acquired can be compared to literature post-mortem data for validation, hence allowing the technique to be used in the development of new solid electrolyte materials.

This interdisciplinary approach, combining materials science, electrochemistry, and theoretical studies, will aid in the development of better solid electrolytes, expanding the opportunities for the design and implementation of more efficient and safe energy storage solutions.

Mehvish Javed 

Mehvish Javed is a materials scientist and engineer with a diverse academic background. She earned a master’s degree in physics with a research focus on material science from IUB Bahawalpur, Pakistan, followed by a master’s degree in Microelectronics and Communication Engineering from Northumbria University, where she graduated with distinction.

During her master’s in physics, Mehvish conducted comprehensive simulation-based studies of spinel oxides using Wien2k, investigating their physical, electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. Later, during her master’s in Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, she developed innovative healthcare applications by designing a pulse monitor system and a blood pressure monitoring system using ultrasound transducers, demonstrating her ability to integrate engineering principles with practical, real-world solutions.

Project Title - Exploration of Tandem Solar Cells Based on Inorganic Chalcogenides

Supervisors: Prof. Vincent Barrioz and Prof. Guillaume Zoppi

As the global demand for renewable energy continues to grow, photovoltaics (PV) has emerged as a key technology for a sustainable energy future. However, traditional single-junction solar cells face efficiency limitations due to the Shockley-Queisser limit, prompting the need for innovative approaches.

This PhD project, led by Mehvish Javed, focuses on advancing tandem solar cell technology by utilizing inorganic chalcogenides, a class of materials that offer significant potential for scalability, efficiency, and sustainability. With a strong academic foundation in Materials Science and Microelectronics Engineering, Mehvish brings a multidisciplinary perspective to the research, now being pursued within the field of Electrical Engineering at Northumbria University Newcastle. The project is supervised by Prof. Vincent Barrioz and Prof. Guillaume Zoppi, both experts in photovoltaics and thin-film technology.

Multijunction solar cells, which integrate multiple absorber layers to capture a broader spectrum of sunlight, have achieved remarkable efficiency gains but remain costly and complex. Tandem solar cells, a more practical subset of multijunction designs, stack two or more sub-cells to optimize spectral utilization. This project specifically explores tandem configurations in both 4-terminal (4T) and 2-terminal (2T) architectures, aiming to develop scalable, high-efficiency devices.

The research investigates the use of copper zinc tin sulfide selenide (CZTSSe) and antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) as bottom-cell materials, paired with antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) as the top cell. These materials are earth-abundant, non-toxic, and compatible with cost-effective fabrication techniques, aligning with the principles of sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Key objectives of this project include:

• Material Optimization: Establishing high-quality thin films for CZTSSe and Sb2Se3 as bottom cells and Sb2S3 as the top cell, with complementary bandgap pairing for maximum efficiency.
• Device Architecture Development: Designing and fabricating tandem solar cells initially in a 4T configuration for modularity and flexibility, with a long-term goal of achieving a monolithic 2T structure for higher integration.
• Sustainability and Scalability: Leveraging low-cost, scalable deposition methods and focusing on material stability to enable commercial viability.

The expected outcomes of this research include significant contributions to the understanding of chalcogenide materials for tandem solar cells, the development of high-performance device prototypes, and advancements in sustainable PV technology. This work supports the broader mission of achieving a carbon-neutral future through innovative and environmentally friendly energy solutions.

This project is part of the ReNU program, funded by the Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT), and is being conducted at Northumbria University Newcastle. Combining the expertise of leading researchers with the cutting-edge research facilities at Northumbria, this project addresses critical challenges in renewable energy while contributing to real-world solutions for sustainable energy generation.